It’s often said the only free lunch in investing is diversification; placing investments across different asset classes, industries and geographies. Most investors do a pretty good job of the first two but tend to fall short when it comes to the ‘geography’ part.

Be it in Australia or overseas, a ‘home bias’ emerges where investors overwhelmingly favour companies in the country they live, ignoring the rest of the world. And it’s not hard to understand why; these markets are easier for domestic investors to access, the companies are more familiar, and the prevalence of specialised local asset management firms means they tend to be front-of-mind.

The risk of concentration

The problem with owning stocks in just one country or a limited number of countries is that portfolios become concentrated and therefore vulnerable to the same events – currency movements, interest rates, political upheaval, weather events, recessions – and vulnerable to the significant loss of capital.

Spreading assets across different regions ie. diversifying, can help insulate portfolios from concentration risk.

2020 illustrated the opportunity cost is real

While global equities markets can move in tandem, there can also be notable differences in performance – while one geographic region may be performing poorly, another may be performing strongly.

Variation in performance exists as specific markets are driven by specific factors. Last year was a case in point.

In 2020 the performance of the major US indices varied dramatically, with the Nasdaq Index returning 45%, compared to the S&P500 Index +18% and the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index +10%.

The Nasdaq contained companies with a much greater exposure to the tech titans, who were (and still are) beneficiaries of the COVID-19 lockdowns.

Over the same period, the average returns of China’s onshore equities stood at almost 30%¹. The Chinext Composite Index, a Nasdaq-style exchange board seeking to attract innovative and fast-growing enterprises, particularly high-tech firms, increased by almost 45%.

Comparatively, the Australian stock market returned investors +1.4%.

More broadly, Australian investors have been short changed when it comes to sector diversification benefits. The two most prominent sectors in the ASX200 Index account for almost 50% of the Index; Financials (29%) and Base Materials (21%). The index is significantly underweight Technology stocks which makes up just 5% of the Index compared to 27% in the S&P500.

As recognised by Brian Arthur, the Santa Fe Institute’s theoretical economist in his ground breaking paper almost a quarter century ago, ‘Increasing Returns and the New World of Business’, traditional industries tend to be subject to diminishing returns while technology companies can be subject to increasing returns; they grow stronger and more profitable as they evolve.

What the above illustrates is the real opportunity cost for those investors – and in particular Australian investors in 2020 – with a home bias and geographically concentrated portfolios.

Australia’s home bias inhibits investment returns

Australian investors could have countered this lack of diversification by investing offshore.

Research by the Financial Times Stock Exchange Group (FTSE) shows Australia’s home bias is the largest of the major pension markets, and by a significant margin, with the average allocation to overseas equities at just 47%.

This statistic is particularly striking when you consider Australia constitutes less than 2% of the FTSE All-World Index, implying a home bias ratio of 26 times². This is much higher than home-bias ratios in other developed markets such as the US at 1.2 times, Japan at 4.3 times and the UK at six times.

The FTSE paper concluded Australia’s home-bias had been an inhibitor of investment returns. Australian investors are foregoing opportunities in many of the world’s best companies in emerging industries in some of some of the fastest growing regions in the world.

Why geographic diversification can be a lifesaver

A 2019 research paper by asset manager Bridgewater Associates titled ‘Geographic Diversification Can Be A Lifesaver – Yet Most Portfolios Are Highly Concentrated’, highlights the wealth preservation and return benefits from adding different geographic exposures to a portfolio.

Investors have overlooked China – to date

In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the benefits of adding China equities exposure to a global portfolio. China’s emergence as an economic super-power, its transition to a more sustainable consumption and innovation-led services model, and its low historic correlation to other asset classes have started to attract the attention of global investors.

Bridgewater’s aforementioned research paper noted:

^{Source: Bridgewater Associates titled ‘Geographic Diversification Can Be A Lifesaver – Yet Most Portfolios Are Highly Concentrated’, 2019.}

This recognition has surfaced at a time when China’s exposure in investors’ global portfolios is still small.

Bridgewater notes “Global portfolio exposure to China is tiny, though it is growing as Chinese markets gradually open up, making significant geographic diversification easier for investors to achieve.”

In 2020, Baillie Gifford made similar observations regarding the China market: “It’s under-owned. It counts for about 18% of the global market cap, 30% of listed stocks yet just 2.5% of global funds.”

^{Source: Bridgewater Associates titled ‘Geographic Diversification Can Be A Lifesaver – Yet Most Portfolios Are Highly Concentrated’, 2019.}

Research recommends China exposure

When investing, it’s always helpful to have a tailwind of demand. Tailwinds in China are likely to continue as it opens up its capital markets to global investors.

A Financial Times article from October 2020 titled, ‘China boosts foreign access to huge onshore capital markets,’ noted new rules making it easier for international investors to trade in China’s booming capital markets, improving investors’ ability to hedge positions, “one of the very important preconditions for people to scale up on their exposure in the market.”

In response to China’s welcoming of foreign capital, MSCI, FTSE Russell and the S&P Dow Jones have increased the weighting of China’s onshore shares in their indices.

Moreover, research from asset allocation advisory firm Willis Towers Watson says, “...investors have overlooked China and they should increase their average growth portfolio exposure of five per cent up to as much as 20 per cent over the next decade.”

^{Source: Bridgewater Associates titled ‘Geographic Diversification Can Be A Lifesaver – Yet Most Portfolios Are Highly Concentrated’, 2019.}

China – worthy of a dedicated allocation

The size and scale of China’s equity market makes it worthy of a dedicated allocation, rather than simply a part of an emerging markets constituent.

Overlooking Chinese investment opportunities due to a home bias may result in foregoing exposure to many of the world’s largest and fastest growing corporations.

As always, the key for investors is taking the right approach. Particularly when investing offshore it may be wise to consider an active manager with a strong track-record and deep insights into the local landscape enabling a risk-managed approach to uncover the best opportunities.

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